The Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO)
foundational ontology
UFO published paper1. Ontology Description
The Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) is developed based on a number of theories from Formal Ontology, Philosophical Logics, Philosophy of Language, Linguistics and Cognitive Psychology. UFO is divided in three parts: an ontology of endurants (objects), an ontology of perdurants (events), and an ontology of social entities. UFO's ontological distinctions are used for classifying SEON concepts, e.g., as objects, actions, co mmitments, agents, roles, goals and so on. UFO provides the necessary grounding for the concepts and relations of all networked ontologies.
This specification is being documented. For further details on UFO, see doc.utwente.nl/50826/1/thesis_Guizzardi.pdf.
3. Ontology Models
3.1. MLT
Figure 1 presents the conceptual model of the MLT subontology.
Figure 1. MLT conceptual model.
3.2. UFO-A
Figure 2 presents the conceptual model of the UFO-A subontology.
Figure 2. UFO-A conceptual model.
3.2.1. UFO-A Qualities
Figure 3 presents the conceptual model of the Qualities subontology.
Figure 3. Qualities conceptual model.
3.3. UFO-B
Figure 4 presents the conceptual model of the UFO-B subontology.
Figure 4. UFO-B conceptual model.
3.4. UFO-C
Figure 5 presents the conceptual model of the Mental Moments subontology.
Figure 5. Mental Moments conceptual model.
4. Concepts Definition
The following table shows the definitions for UFO concepts.
| Concept | Definition |
|---|---|
Actions are intentional events, i.e. they are caused by Intentions. Actions are events which instantiate a Plan (Action Universal) with the specific purpose of satisfying (the propositional content of) some Intention. | |
Action Contribution is a participation that are intentional. | |
Agents are Substantials (Functional Complexes or Collectives) that can bear special kinds of Intrinsic Moments named Intentional Moments. | |
Atomic Events are those events which have no proper parts, i.e., events which cannot be further decomposed. | |
A Complex Action is composed of two or more Participations. These participations can themselves be intentional (i.e., be themselves actions) or unintentional events. For @ex, the stabbing of Caesar by Brutus includes the intentional participation of Brutus and the unintentional. participation of Caesar and the knife. In a complex action, at least one participation should be intentional, i.e., an action contribution | |
Complex events are aggregations of at least two disjoint events. A Complex Event is existentially dependent on all its proper parts and, indirectly, to the objects these proper parts depend on. | |
Dispositions are properties (moments) that are only manifested in particular situations and that can also fail to be manifested. When manifested, they are manifested through the occurrence of events. Take for example the disposition of a magnet m to attract metallic material. The object m has this disposition even if it is never manifested, for example, because it is never close to any magnetic material. Nonetheless, m can certainly be said to possess that intrinsic moment, which it shares with other magnets. | |
Endurants are said to be wholly present whenever they are present, i.e., they are in time. They can be understood in contrast with the category of Perdurants (Processes, Events). Examples of endurants are a house, a person, the Moon, an amount of sand. For instance, we can say that an individual John weights 80kg at in circumstance c1 but 68kg at in circumstance c2. Nonetheless, we are in these two cases referring to the same individual. | |
Entity is the topmost category of UFO, representing anything, concrete or abstract, and both types and individuals. | |
Events (also called perdurants) are individuals composed of temporal parts. They happen in time in the sense that they extend in time accumulating temporal parts. @Examples of events are a conversation, a football game, a symphony execution, a birthday party, or a particular business process. | |
Function is a specialization of Set that maps instances of a Quality Universal to points in a Quality Structure. | |
The propositional content of an Intention. | |
Intentions are desired state of affairs (situations) for which the agent commits at pursuing (@e.g., the Intention of going to a beach resort for the next summer break). | |
The capacity of some properties of certain individuals to refer to possible Situations of reality. Every intentional moment has a propositional content (Proposition), which is an abstract representation of a class of situations referred by that intentional moment. | |
Intrinsic Moments are moments that inhere in one single individual (e.g., an apple’s color). An example of an intrinsic moment is a Mode (@e.g., John’s desires, intentions, perceptions, symptoms, skills). | |
Measurable Quality Universals are quality universals that can be objectively measured by cognitive agents or measurement devices, and it is possible to establish distances among their quality regions (@e.g., Weight and Height). | |
Measurement Reference Structures act as scales based on quality structures. They are composed of Measurement Reference Regions. Measurement Reference Structures can be partitioned into spaces of the same magnitude according to a Unit. | |
Moments are individuals that can only exist by inhering in other individuals. In other words, moments are individuals that are existentially-dependent on their bearers (@e.g., a person’s headache, a covalent bond between atoms). | |
Normative Descriptions are Social Objects that define one or more rules/norms recognized by at least one Social Agent and that can define other Social objects (the crown of the king of Spain) or Social Roles (such as president, PhD candidate or pedestrian). @Examples of normative descriptions include the Brazilian Constitution, the Federal University of Espírito Santo PhD program regulation, but also a set of directives on how to perform some actions within an organization (a Plan Description). | |
Non-agentive substantial individuals. Objects can be Physical or Social. | |
Object Participation is a set of different ways than an object can participate in actions. There are four different types of Object Participation, namely: Creation, Termination, Change and Usage. | |
A participation is the portion of an event which depends exclusively on a single object. Each of participations is itself an event that can be complex or atomic but which existentially depends on a single substantial. Take for instance the event e: the stabbing of Caesar by Brutus. In this event we have the participation of Caesar himself, of Brutus and of the knife. In this case, e is composed of the individual participation of each of these entities. | |
Same as UFO::Human AgentA human Physical Agent. | |
A Proposition is a sentence that is either true or false. The truth of a proposition is determined by its correspondence to the existence of an entity or fact in reality, the so-called truthmaker of a proposition. | |
Quality Universals are those universals whose instances are Qualities. | |
A situation is a particular configuration of a part of reality which can be understood as a whole. Situations can be factual or counterfactual (@e.g., the situation in which “Al Gore is the president of the USA”). | |
Substantials (objects) are existentially-independent Endurants (@e.g., a person, a car). | |
5. Detailed Concepts
Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) detailed concepts.
UFO::2ndOT
2ndOT
Specializes:
UFO::Entity
Definition:
Relations:
2ndOT (1..*) iof (1..*) 3rdOT
2ndOT (0..*) is subordinate to (0..*) 2ndOT
2ndOT (0..*) proper specializes (0..*) 2ndOT
2ndOT (1..1) is powertype of (0..1) Universal
2ndOT (0..*) categorizes (0..*) Universal
Universal (1..*) iof (1..*) 2ndOT
3rdOT (1..1) is powertype of (0..1) 2ndOT
3rdOT (0..*) categorizes (0..*) 2ndOT
UFO::3rdOT
3rdOT
Specializes:
UFO::Entity
Definition:
Relations:
3rdOT (0..*) is subordinate to (0..*) 3rdOT
3rdOT (0..*) proper specializes (0..*) 3rdOT
3rdOT (1..1) is powertype of (0..1) 2ndOT
3rdOT (0..*) categorizes (0..*) 2ndOT
2ndOT (1..*) iof (1..*) 3rdOT
UFO::Abstract Particular
Abstract Particular
Specializes:
UFO::Individual
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Abstract Thing
Abstract Thing
Specializes:
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Action
Action
Specializes:
UFO::Event (Perdurant)
Definition:
Actions are intentional events, i.e. they are caused by Intentions. Actions are events which instantiate a Plan (Action Universal) with the specific purpose of satisfying (the propositional content of) some Intention.
Relations:
Action (0..*) caused by (1..1) Intention
Action (0..*) instance of (1..1) Action Universal
Social Commitment causes Action
UFO::Action Contribution
Action Contribution
Specializes:
UFO::Action
UFO::Agent Participation
Definition:
Action Contribution is a participation that are intentional.
Relations:
UFO::Action Universal
Action Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Event Universal
Definition:
Relations:
Action (0..*) instance of (1..1) Action Universal
Complex Action Universal (0..*) <>-- (2..*) Action Universal
Closed Commitment Universal based on (1..1) Action Universal
Closed Commitment (0..*) based on (1..1) Action Universal
UFO::Agent
Agent
Specializes:
UFO::Substantial
Definition:
Agents are Substantials (Functional Complexes or Collectives) that can bear special kinds of Intrinsic Moments named Intentional Moments.
Relations:
Social Commitment (0..*) external dependence (1..*) Agent
Intentional Moment (1..*) inheres in (1..1) Agent
Mental Moment (0..*) inheres in (1..1) Agent
Agent Participation (0..*) participation of (1..1) Agent
UFO::Agent Participation
Agent Participation
Specializes:
UFO::Participation
Definition:
Relations:
Agent Participation (0..*) participation of (1..1) Agent
UFO::Anti-Rigid Mixin Universal
Anti-Rigid Mixin Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Mixin Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Anti-Rigid Sortal Universal
Anti-Rigid Sortal Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Sortal Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Appointment
Appointment
Specializes:
UFO::Commitment
Definition:
Relations:
Appointment Goal (1..1) propositional content of (1..*) Appointment
Complex Closed Appointment <>-- (2..*) Appointment
UFO::Appointment Goal
Appointment Goal
Specializes:
UFO::Goal
Definition:
Relations:
Appointment Goal (1..1) propositional content of (1..*) Appointment
UFO::Atomic Action
Atomic Action
Specializes:
UFO::Atomic Event
UFO::Action
Definition:
Relations:
Atomic Action instance of (1..1) Atomic Action Universal
UFO::Atomic Action Universal
Atomic Action Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Action Universal
Definition:
Relations:
Atomic Action instance of (1..1) Atomic Action Universal
UFO::Atomic Event
Atomic Event
Specializes:
UFO::Event (Perdurant)
Definition:
Atomic Events are those events which have no proper parts, i.e., events which cannot be further decomposed.
Relations:
Atomic Event (0..*) depends on (1..1) Substantial
Disposition (1..1) manifested by (0..*) Atomic Event
UFO::Belief
Belief
Specializes:
UFO::Mental Moment
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Category
Category
Specializes:
UFO::Rigid Mixin Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Change
Change
Specializes:
UFO::Object Participation
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Closed Appointment
Closed Appointment
Specializes:
UFO::Closed Commitment
UFO::Appointment
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Closed Commitment
Closed Commitment
Specializes:
UFO::Commitment
Definition:
Relations:
Closed Commitment (0..*) based on (1..1) Action Universal
Closed Commitment instance of Closed Commitment Universal
Complex Closed Commitment <>-- (2..*) Closed Commitment
UFO::Closed Commitment Universal
Closed Commitment Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Commitment Universal
Definition:
Relations:
Closed Commitment Universal based on (1..1) Action Universal
Normative Description (1..1) defines (0..*) Closed Commitment Universal
Closed Commitment instance of Closed Commitment Universal
UFO::Collective Social Agent
Collective Social Agent
Specializes:
UFO::Social Agent
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Commitment
Commitment
Specializes:
Definition:
Relations:
Commitment instance of Commitment Universal
Complex Commitment (0..*) <>-- (2..*) Commitment
UFO::Commitment Universal
Commitment Universal
Specializes:
Definition:
Relations:
Commitment instance of Commitment Universal
UFO::Complex Action
Complex Action
Specializes:
UFO::Entity
UFO::Action
UFO::Complex Event
Definition:
A Complex Action is composed of two or more Participations. These participations can themselves be intentional (i.e., be themselves actions) or unintentional events. For @ex, the stabbing of Caesar by Brutus includes the intentional participation of Brutus and the unintentional. participation of Caesar and the knife. In a complex action, at least one participation should be intentional, i.e., an action contribution
Relations:
Complex Action instance of (0..1) Complex Action Universal
Complex Action (0..*) <>-- (2..*) Participation
UFO::Complex Action Universal
Complex Action Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Action Universal
Definition:
Relations:
Complex Action Universal (0..*) <>-- (2..*) Action Universal
Complex Closed Commitment based on Complex Action Universal
Plan Description (0..1) describes (1..*) Complex Action Universal
Complex Action instance of (0..1) Complex Action Universal
UFO::Complex Closed Appointment
Complex Closed Appointment
Specializes:
UFO::Closed Appointment
UFO::Complex Closed Commitment
Definition:
Relations:
Complex Closed Appointment <>-- (2..*) Appointment
UFO::Complex Closed Commitment
Complex Closed Commitment
Specializes:
UFO::Closed Commitment
Definition:
Relations:
Complex Closed Commitment based on Complex Action Universal
Complex Closed Commitment <>-- (2..*) Closed Commitment
UFO::Complex Commitment
Complex Commitment
Specializes:
UFO::Commitment
Definition:
Relations:
Complex Commitment (0..*) <>-- (2..*) Commitment
UFO::Complex Event
Complex Event
Specializes:
UFO::Event (Perdurant)
Definition:
Complex events are aggregations of at least two disjoint events. A Complex Event is existentially dependent on all its proper parts and, indirectly, to the objects these proper parts depend on.
Relations:
Complex Event (0..*) <>-- (2..*) Event (Perdurant)
UFO::Composed Quality Universal
Composed Quality Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Quality Universal
Definition:
Relations:
Composed Quality Universal (0..*) <>-- (2..*) Quality Universal
UFO::Concrete Particular
Concrete Particular
Specializes:
UFO::Individual
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Creation
Creation
Specializes:
UFO::Object Participation
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Delegation
Delegation
Specializes:
UFO::Material Relation
Definition:
Relations:
Delegation (0..*) derived from (1..1) Delegatum
UFO::Delegatum
Delegatum
Specializes:
UFO::Social Relator
Definition:
Relations:
Delegation (0..*) derived from (1..1) Delegatum
UFO::Desire
Desire
Specializes:
UFO::Mental Moment
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Disposition
Disposition
Specializes:
UFO::Intrinsic Moment
Definition:
Dispositions are properties (moments) that are only manifested in particular situations and that can also fail to be manifested. When manifested, they are manifested through the occurrence of events. Take for example the disposition of a magnet m to attract metallic material. The object m has this disposition even if it is never manifested, for example, because it is never close to any magnetic material. Nonetheless, m can certainly be said to possess that intrinsic moment, which it shares with other magnets.
Relations:
Disposition (1..1) manifested by (0..*) Atomic Event
Disposition (1..*) manifested by (*) Event (Perdurant)
Situation (*) activates (*) Disposition
UFO::Disposition
Disposition
Specializes:
Definition:
Relations:
Disposition (1..1) manifested by (0..*) Atomic Event
Disposition (1..*) manifested by (*) Event (Perdurant)
Situation (*) activates (*) Disposition
UFO::Endurant
Endurant
Specializes:
UFO::Concrete Particular
UFO::Individual
Definition:
Endurants are said to be wholly present whenever they are present, i.e., they are in time. They can be understood in contrast with the category of Perdurants (Processes, Events). Examples of endurants are a house, a person, the Moon, an amount of sand. For instance, we can say that an individual John weights 80kg at in circumstance c1 but 68kg at in circumstance c2. Nonetheless, we are in these two cases referring to the same individual.
Relations:
Endurant (0..*) instance of (1..*) Endurant Universal
Endurant (1..*) present at (0..*) Situation
Moment (0..*) inheres in (1..1) Endurant
UFO::Endurant Universal
Endurant Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Universal
Definition:
Relations:
Endurant (0..*) instance of (1..*) Endurant Universal
Intrisic Moment Universal (0..*) characterizes (1..*) Endurant Universal
UFO::Entity
Entity
Specializes:
Definition:
Entity is the topmost category of UFO, representing anything, concrete or abstract, and both types and individuals.
Relations:
Entity (1..*) characterized by (0..*) Moment Universal
UFO::Event (Perdurant)
Event (Perdurant)
Specializes:
UFO::Concrete Particular
UFO::Individual
Definition:
Events (also called perdurants) are individuals composed of temporal parts. They happen in time in the sense that they extend in time accumulating temporal parts. @Examples of events are a conversation, a football game, a symphony execution, a birthday party, or a particular business process.
Relations:
Event (Perdurant) (0..*) instance of (1..1) Event Universal
Event (Perdurant) (0..*) brings about (1..1) Situation
Event (Perdurant) (0..*) /directly causes (0..*) Event (Perdurant)
Event (Perdurant) (0..*) begins at (1..1) Time Point
Event (Perdurant) ends at (1..1) Time Point
Event (Perdurant) (0..*) /causes (0..*) Event (Perdurant)
Complex Event (0..*) <>-- (2..*) Event (Perdurant)
Situation (1..1) triggers (0..*) Event (Perdurant)
Disposition (1..*) manifested by (*) Event (Perdurant)
UFO::Event Universal
Event Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Universal
Definition:
Relations:
Event (Perdurant) (0..*) instance of (1..1) Event Universal
UFO::Expression
Expression
Specializes:
Definition:
Relations:
Scientific Measurement Domain (1..1) has (1..1) Expression
UFO::Externally Dependent Moment
Externally Dependent Moment
Specializes:
UFO::Intrinsic Moment
Definition:
Relations:
Relator (1..1) <>-- (2..*) Externally Dependent Moment
UFO::Fact
Fact
Specializes:
UFO::Situation
Definition:
Relations:
Fact (0..*) obtains in (1..1) Time Point
UFO::Formal Relation
Formal Relation
Specializes:
UFO::Relation
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Fulfilled
Fulfilled
Specializes:
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Function
Function
Specializes:
UFO::Set
UFO::Disposition
Definition:
Function is a specialization of Set that maps instances of a Quality Universal to points in a Quality Structure.
Relations:
Function (0..*) instance of (1..*) Function Universal
UFO::Function
Function
Specializes:
UFO::Disposition
Definition:
Relations:
Function (0..*) instance of (1..*) Function Universal
UFO::Function Universal
Function Universal
Specializes:
Definition:
Relations:
Function (0..*) instance of (1..*) Function Universal
UFO::Goal
Goal
Specializes:
UFO::Proposition
Definition:
The propositional content of an Intention.
Relations:
Goal (1..1) propositional content of (1..*) Intention
Measurement Goal (0..*) based on (1..*) Goal
Complex Goal (0..*) <>-- (1..*) Goal
Situation (*) satisfies (*) Goal
UFO::High Order Universal
High Order Universal
Specializes:
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Higher-Order Object Kind
Higher-Order Object Kind
Specializes:
Definition:
Relations:
Object Kind instance of Higher-Order Object Kind
UFO::Individual
Individual
Specializes:
UFO::Entity
Definition:
Relations:
Individual (0..*) instance of (1..*) Universal
Individual (1..*) instantiates (1..1) Universal
Intrinsic Moment (1..*) inheres in (1..1) Individual
UFO::Intention
Intention
Specializes:
UFO::Commitment
UFO::Mental Moment
UFO::Intentional Moment
Definition:
Intentions are desired state of affairs (situations) for which the agent commits at pursuing (@e.g., the Intention of going to a beach resort for the next summer break).
Relations:
Intention instance of Internal Commitment Universal
Intention (0..*) inheres in (1..1) Physical Agent
Action (0..*) caused by (1..1) Intention
Goal (1..1) propositional content of (1..*) Intention
UFO::Intentional Moment
Intentional Moment
Specializes:
UFO::Intrinsic Moment
Definition:
The capacity of some properties of certain individuals to refer to possible Situations of reality. Every intentional moment has a propositional content (Proposition), which is an abstract representation of a class of situations referred by that intentional moment.
Relations:
Intentional Moment (1..*) inheres in (1..1) Agent
Proposition (1..1) propositional content of (0..*) Intentional Moment
UFO::Interaction
Interaction
Specializes:
UFO::Complex Action
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Internal Closed Commitment Universal
Internal Closed Commitment Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Internal Commitment Universal
UFO::Closed Commitment Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Internal Commitment Universal
Internal Commitment Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Commitment Universal
Definition:
Relations:
Intention instance of Internal Commitment Universal
UFO::Interval MeaRefDimension
Interval MeaRefDimension
Specializes:
UFO::Measurement Reference Dimension
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Intrinsic Moment
Intrinsic Moment
Specializes:
UFO::Moment
Definition:
Intrinsic Moments are moments that inhere in one single individual (e.g., an apple’s color). An example of an intrinsic moment is a Mode (@e.g., John’s desires, intentions, perceptions, symptoms, skills).
Relations:
Intrinsic Moment (1..*) inheres in (1..1) Individual
UFO::Intrisic Moment Universal
Intrisic Moment Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Moment Universal
Definition:
Relations:
Intrisic Moment Universal (0..*) characterizes (1..*) Endurant Universal
UFO::Kind
Kind
Specializes:
UFO::Rigid Sortal Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Linear Temporal Structure
Linear Temporal Structure
Specializes:
UFO::Quality Structure
Definition:
Relations:
Time Point (1..*) member of (1..1) Linear Temporal Structure
UFO::Material Relation
Material Relation
Specializes:
UFO::Relation
Definition:
Relations:
Material Relation (0..*) derived from (1..1) Relator
UFO::Measurable Quality Universal
Measurable Quality Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Quality Universal
Definition:
Measurable Quality Universals are quality universals that can be objectively measured by cognitive agents or measurement devices, and it is possible to establish distances among their quality regions (@e.g., Weight and Height).
Relations:
UFO::Measurement Quality Domain
Measurement Quality Domain
Specializes:
UFO::Measurement Quality Structure
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Measurement Quality Region
Measurement Quality Region
Specializes:
UFO::Quality Region
Definition:
Relations:
Measurement Quality Structure (1..1) <>-- (2..*) Measurement Quality Region
UFO::Measurement Quality Structure
Measurement Quality Structure
Specializes:
UFO::Quality Structure
Definition:
Relations:
Measurement Quality Structure (1..1) <>-- (2..*) Measurement Quality Region
UFO::Measurement Reference Dimension
Measurement Reference Dimension
Specializes:
UFO::Measurement Reference Structure
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Measurement Reference Region
Measurement Reference Region
Specializes:
Definition:
Relations:
Measurement Reference Structure (1..1) <>-- (2..*) Measurement Reference Region
UFO::Measurement Reference Structure
Measurement Reference Structure
Specializes:
UFO::Reference Structure
Definition:
Measurement Reference Structures act as scales based on quality structures. They are composed of Measurement Reference Regions. Measurement Reference Structures can be partitioned into spaces of the same magnitude according to a Unit.
Relations:
Measurement Reference Structure (1..1) <>-- (2..*) Measurement Reference Region
Measurement Reference Structure (1..*) partitioned according to (0..1) Unit
UFO::Mental Moment
Mental Moment
Specializes:
UFO::Intentional Moment
Definition:
Relations:
Mental Moment (0..*) inheres in (1..1) Agent
Mental Moment (0..*) inheres in (1..1) Physical Agent
Proposition (1..1) propositional content of (0..*) Mental Moment
UFO::Mixin Universal
Mixin Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Substantial Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Mode
Mode
Specializes:
UFO::Intrinsic Moment
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Mode Universal
Mode Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Intrisic Moment Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Moment
Moment
Specializes:
UFO::Endurant
Definition:
Moments are individuals that can only exist by inhering in other individuals. In other words, moments are individuals that are existentially-dependent on their bearers (@e.g., a person’s headache, a covalent bond between atoms).
Relations:
Moment (0..*) inheres in (1..1) Endurant
UFO::Moment Universal
Moment Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Endurant Universal
Definition:
Relations:
Entity (1..*) characterized by (0..*) Moment Universal
UFO::Normative Description
Normative Description
Specializes:
UFO::Social Object
Definition:
Normative Descriptions are Social Objects that define one or more rules/norms recognized by at least one Social Agent and that can define other Social objects (the crown of the king of Spain) or Social Roles (such as president, PhD candidate or pedestrian). @Examples of normative descriptions include the Brazilian Constitution, the Federal University of Espírito Santo PhD program regulation, but also a set of directives on how to perform some actions within an organization (a Plan Description).
Relations:
Normative Description (0..*) recognized by (1..*) Social Agent
Normative Description (0..1) defines (0..*) Social Role
Normative Description (1..1) defines (0..*) Closed Commitment Universal
Normative Description (0..1) defines (0..*) Social Object
UFO::Object
Object
Specializes:
UFO::Substantial
Definition:
Non-agentive substantial individuals. Objects can be Physical or Social.
Relations:
Object instance of Object Kind
Object Participation (0..*) participation of (1..1) Object
UFO::Object Kind
Object Kind
Specializes:
UFO::Kind
Definition:
Relations:
Object Kind instance of Higher-Order Object Kind
Object instance of Object Kind
UFO::Object Participation
Object Participation
Specializes:
UFO::Participation
Definition:
Object Participation is a set of different ways than an object can participate in actions. There are four different types of Object Participation, namely: Creation, Termination, Change and Usage.
Relations:
Object Participation (0..*) participation of (1..1) Object
UFO::Ordinal MeaRefDimension
Ordinal MeaRefDimension
Specializes:
UFO::Measurement Reference Dimension
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Participation
Participation
Specializes:
UFO::Event (Perdurant)
Definition:
A participation is the portion of an event which depends exclusively on a single object. Each of participations is itself an event that can be complex or atomic but which existentially depends on a single substantial. Take for instance the event e: the stabbing of Caesar by Brutus. In this event we have the participation of Caesar himself, of Brutus and of the knife. In this case, e is composed of the individual participation of each of these entities.
Relations:
Participation (0..*) participation of (1..1) Substantial
Participation (0..*) instance of (1..1) Participation Universal
Participation (0..*) /exclusively depends on (1..1) Substantial
Complex Action (0..*) <>-- (2..*) Participation
UFO::Participation Universal
Participation Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Event Universal
Definition:
Relations:
Participation Universal (1..1) induces (1..1) Processual Role
Participation (0..*) instance of (1..1) Participation Universal
UFO::Person
<<kind>>
Person
Specializes:
UFO::Physical Agent
Definition:
Same as UFO::Human AgentA human Physical Agent.
Example: Tim Berners Lee, Dennis Ritchie, Donald Knuth.
Relations:
UFO::Phase
Phase
Specializes:
UFO::Anti-Rigid Sortal Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Phasemixin
Phasemixin
Specializes:
UFO::Anti-Rigid Mixin Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Physical Agent
<<category>>
Physical Agent
Specializes:
UFO::Agent
Definition:
Relations:
Mental Moment (0..*) inheres in (1..1) Physical Agent
Intention (0..*) inheres in (1..1) Physical Agent
UFO::Physical Object
Physical Object
Specializes:
UFO::Object
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Plan Description
Plan Description
Specializes:
UFO::Normative Description
Definition:
Relations:
Plan Description (0..1) describes (1..*) Complex Action Universal
UFO::Processual Role
Processual Role
Specializes:
Definition:
Relations:
Participation Universal (1..1) induces (1..1) Processual Role
Substantial (0..*) (0..*) Processual Role
UFO::Proposition
Proposition
Specializes:
UFO::Abstract Particular
Definition:
A Proposition is a sentence that is either true or false. The truth of a proposition is determined by its correspondence to the existence of an entity or fact in reality, the so-called truthmaker of a proposition.
Relations:
Proposition (1..1) propositional content of (0..*) Intentional Moment
Proposition (1..1) propositional content of (0..*) Mental Moment
Situation (0..*) satisfies (0..*) Proposition
UFO::Quale
Quale
Specializes:
UFO::Abstract Particular
Definition:
Relations:
Quale (1..*) member of (1..1) Quality Structure
UFO::Quality
Quality
Specializes:
UFO::Intrinsic Moment
Definition:
Relations:
Quality (0..*) instance of (1..1) Quality Universal
Quality (1..*) instantiates (1..1) Quality Universal
UFO::Quality Region
Quality Region
Specializes:
UFO::Abstract Particular
Definition:
Relations:
Quality Structure (1..1) <>-- (2..*) Quality Region
Quality Structure (1..1) constituted by (1..*) Quality Region
UFO::Quality Structure
Quality Structure
Specializes:
UFO::Set
UFO::Abstract Particular
Definition:
Relations:
Quality Structure (1..1) <>-- (2..*) Quality Region
Quality Structure (1..*) associated with (1..1) Quality Universal
Quality Structure (1..1) constituted by (1..*) Quality Region
Reference Structure (0..*) associated to (1..1) Quality Structure
Quale (1..*) member of (1..1) Quality Structure
Quality Universal (1..1) associated with > (1..1) Quality Structure
UFO::Quality Universal
Quality Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Intrisic Moment Universal
UFO::Universal
Definition:
Quality Universals are those universals whose instances are Qualities.
Relations:
Quality Universal (1..1) associated with > (1..1) Quality Structure
Quality Structure (1..*) associated with (1..1) Quality Universal
Composed Quality Universal (0..*) <>-- (2..*) Quality Universal
Quality (0..*) instance of (1..1) Quality Universal
Quality (1..*) instantiates (1..1) Quality Universal
UFO::Rational MeaRefDimension
Rational MeaRefDimension
Specializes:
UFO::Measurement Reference Dimension
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Reference Structure
Reference Structure
Specializes:
UFO::Set
Definition:
Relations:
Reference Structure (0..*) associated to (1..1) Quality Structure
UFO::Relation
Relation
Specializes:
UFO::Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Relational Role
Relational Role
Specializes:
UFO::Role
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Relator
Relator
Specializes:
UFO::Moment
Definition:
Relations:
Relator (1..1) <>-- (2..*) Externally Dependent Moment
Material Relation (0..*) derived from (1..1) Relator
UFO::Relator Universal
Relator Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Moment Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Rigid Mixin Universal
Rigid Mixin Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Mixin Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Rigid Sortal Universal
Rigid Sortal Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Sortal Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Role
Role
Specializes:
UFO::Anti-Rigid Sortal Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Rolemixin
Rolemixin
Specializes:
UFO::Anti-Rigid Mixin Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Scientific Measurement Domain
Scientific Measurement Domain
Specializes:
UFO::Measurement Quality Domain
Definition:
Relations:
Scientific Measurement Domain (1..1) has (1..1) Expression
UFO::Self Appointment
Self Appointment
Specializes:
UFO::Intention
UFO::Appointment
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Set
Set
Specializes:
UFO::Abstract Thing
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Simple Quality Universal
Simple Quality Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Quality Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Situation
Situation
Specializes:
UFO::Individual
UFO::Endurant
Definition:
A situation is a particular configuration of a part of reality which can be understood as a whole. Situations can be factual or counterfactual (@e.g., the situation in which “Al Gore is the president of the USA”).
Relations:
Situation (1..1) triggers (0..*) Event (Perdurant)
Situation (0..*) obtained at Time Point
Situation (*) activates (*) Disposition
Situation (0..*) satisfies (0..*) Proposition
Situation (*) satisfies (*) Goal
Endurant (1..*) present at (0..*) Situation
Event (Perdurant) (0..*) brings about (1..1) Situation
UFO::Social Agent
<<category>>
Social Agent
Specializes:
UFO::Agent
Definition:
Relations:
Normative Description (0..*) recognized by (1..*) Social Agent
UFO::Social Appointment
Social Appointment
Specializes:
UFO::Appointment
UFO::Social Commitment
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Social Commitment
Social Commitment
Specializes:
UFO::Commitment
UFO::Social Moment
Definition:
Relations:
Social Commitment causes Action
Social Commitment (0..*) external dependence (1..*) Agent
UFO::Social Moment
Social Moment
Specializes:
UFO::Intentional Moment
UFO::Externally Dependent Moment
Definition:
Relations:
Social Relator <>-- (2..*) Social Moment
UFO::Social Object
Social Object
Specializes:
UFO::Object
Definition:
Relations:
Normative Description (0..1) defines (0..*) Social Object
UFO::Social Relator
Social Relator
Specializes:
UFO::Relator
Definition:
Relations:
Social Relator <>-- (2..*) Social Moment
UFO::Social Role
Social Role
Specializes:
UFO::Role
Definition:
Relations:
Normative Description (0..1) defines (0..*) Social Role
UFO::Sortal Universal
Sortal Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Substantial Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Subkind
Subkind
Specializes:
UFO::Rigid Sortal Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Substantial
Substantial
Specializes:
UFO::Endurant
Definition:
Substantials (objects) are existentially-independent Endurants (@e.g., a person, a car).
Relations:
Substantial (0..*) (0..*) Processual Role
Atomic Event (0..*) depends on (1..1) Substantial
Participation (0..*) participation of (1..1) Substantial
Participation (0..*) /exclusively depends on (1..1) Substantial
UFO::Substantial Universal
Substantial Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Endurant Universal
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Time Point
Time Point
Specializes:
UFO::Quale
Definition:
Relations:
Time Point (1..*) member of (1..1) Linear Temporal Structure
Time Point (0..*) precedes (0..*) Time Point
Fact (0..*) obtains in (1..1) Time Point
Situation (0..*) obtained at Time Point
Event (Perdurant) (0..*) begins at (1..1) Time Point
Event (Perdurant) ends at (1..1) Time Point
UFO::Unfulfilled
Unfulfilled
Specializes:
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::Unit
Unit
Specializes:
UFO::Measurement Quality Region
Definition:
Relations:
Measurement Reference Structure (1..*) partitioned according to (0..1) Unit
UFO::Universal
Universal
Specializes:
UFO::Entity
Definition:
Relations:
Universal (1..*) iof (1..*) 2ndOT
Universal proper specializes (0..*) Universal
Individual (0..*) instance of (1..*) Universal
Individual (1..*) instantiates (1..1) Universal
2ndOT (1..1) is powertype of (0..1) Universal
2ndOT (0..*) categorizes (0..*) Universal
UFO::Usage
Usage
Specializes:
UFO::Object Participation
Definition:
Relations:
UFO::xOrganization
xOrganization
Specializes:
UFO::Social Agent